![]() ![]() Overall, we conclude that the proposed method can be used in the machine vision subsystem of smart sprayers to locate weeds and make the decision for precision spraying herbicides onto the individual map cells. The proposed method can accurately identify the grid cells containing weeds and thus precisely locate the weeds on the input images. Among the evaluated neural networks, EfficientNetV2 two-classifier exhibited the highest F1 scores (≥0.981) for exclusively detecting and discriminating sub-images containing weeds and turfgrass. DenseNet, EfficientNetV2, and RegNet multi-classifiers exhibited high F1 scores of ≥0.984 for detecting dallisgrass and purple nutsedge. The VGGNet multi-classifier exhibited an F1 score of 0.950 when used to detect common dandelion and achieved high F1 scores of ≥0.983 to detect and discriminate the sub-images containing dallisgrass, purple nutsedge, and white clover growing in bermudagrass turf. The objectives of this research were to (1) investigate the feasibility of training deep learning models using grid cells (sub-images) to detect the location of weeds on the image by identifying if the grid cells contain weeds, and (2) evaluate DenseNet, EfficientNetV2, ResNet, RegNet, and VGGNet to detect and discriminate multiple weed species growing in turfgrass (multi-classifier) and detect and discriminate weeds (regardless of weed species) and turfgrass (two-classifier). Previous research demonstrated the effectiveness of using image classification neural networks for detecting weeds growing in turfgrass but did not attempt to discriminate weed species and locate the weeds on the input images. Precision spraying of synthetic herbicides can reduce herbicide input. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy ‘Tifway’ seashore paspalum, Paspalum vaginatum Sw. Nomenclature: Annual bluegrass, Poa annua L. However, seashore paspalum may exhibit shoot growth inhibition up to 4 WAT, suggesting that end users should be cautious when using amicarbazone during active growth in summer. Overall, amicarbazone may be safely applied to seashore paspalum in winter, spring, and summer at rates and regimens evaluated. Seashore paspalum had minimal injury ( 984 g ha−1 for ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass. Field experiments were conducted in Griffin, GA to evaluate the tolerance of ‘Sea Isle 1’ seashore paspalum to amicarbazone applications in winter, spring, and summer. Amicarbazone is a new PS II inhibitor with potential safety in seashore paspalum, but the effects of application timing on turf tolerance has received limited investigation. Turfgrass injury from triazines has limited the use of photosystem II (PS II) inhibitors for weed control in seashore paspalum. seashore paspalum, Paspalum vaginatum Sw. By 4 WAT, seashore paspalum clippings were reduced 0 to 39% from pronamide, whereas atrazine, bispyribac-sodium, and trifloxysulfuron reduced clippings by 54 to 69% from the untreated and ethofumesate, foramsulfuron, and rimsulfuron reduced clippings by 27 to 39%. Seashore paspalum seedhead count reductions by 4 wk after treatment (WAT) were good to excellent (87 to 98%) from atrazine, bispyribac-sodium, rimsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron and poor (≤ 0%) from ethofumesate, foramsulfuron, and pronamide. Seashore paspalum injury in the greenhouse was excessive (> 20%) from atrazine, bispyribac-sodium, and trifloxysulfuron and moderate (7 to 20%) from foramsulfuron, rimsulfuron, and ethofumesate. In greenhouse experiments, the aforementioned pronamide rates caused less than 10% injury on seashore paspalum. Annual bluegrass control from pronamide was initially similar across timings and averaged 67, 90, and 98% control from 0.84, 1.68, and 3.36 kg ai ha−1, respectively, after 6 wk. In field experiments, turf injury never exceeded 7% from pronamide applied at dormancy, 50% green-up, or complete green-up of seashore paspalum in spring. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate seashore paspalum tolerance to pronamide and other herbicides for annual bluegrass control. ![]() ![]() Annual bluegrass is a troublesome weed in turf management and there are currently limited POST herbicides labeled for use in seashore paspalum. ![]()
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